Standardized assessment of current spoken proficiency levels among secondary school students remains unexplored. This study assessed the current English-speaking proficiency levels among secondary school students in Pakistan. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed. Fifty female students of grade nine from a public school were selected through stratified systematic sampling. The Spok…
Visual Management (VM), tool of Lean Philosophy, facilitates operation optimisation by improving procedural communication and efficiency while enhancing team accountability and coordination. This paper explores the application of VM in assessment process of an ELT course, Effective Public Speaking, at a technical institute. Adaptable visual aids, Digital Randomisers (DRs), were developed and ut…